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Item 01 - Representation and Information Communication

    Index
  2. Introduction What do we mean by information? Definition of Information
    2. Information along
      1. History Middle Ages Early Modern
      3. Twentieth Century XXI Century
      3. Types of Information
      1. Magnitudes
      3. Texts Images
        5. signals
    4. Digital Information
  3. Digital Representation of Information Systems
    1. numbering (positional, non-positional) changes
      1. numbering systems based
        1. Paso decimal ba
        2. Passage of a decimal to any Step
        3. base base base ba c
      2. The binary system
        1. The BIT (Binary digiIT English, binary digits)
        2. Name
          3. bit groups BYTE
        4. multiples in binary operations (arithmetic, logic)
      4. octal system hexadecimal system
    2. conversion to digital information
      2. Quantification error margin
      Consolidation
    3. Extracting information from the digital binary data
      1. Magnitudes
        1. Decimals Whole
          3. Royal
      3. Symbols and Texts Images
      4. Audio Video
    5. redundancy binary encodings
      1. Calculation of redundancy R
        3. Troubleshooting
    4. Information Communication
    1. General characteristics of the communication transmission systems
      2. According
      1. transmission system (per line, per radio)
      2. As the directionality of the transmission (Simplex, Semi-duplex, full-duplex)
      3. Depending on how you sync (Asynchronous, Synchronous)
      4. Depending on the nature of the signal (analog, digital)
    3. Problems
      1. transmission attenuation or distortion
        4. power losses
      4. Altered timing noise
    4. analog line coding
      6. digital encryption
      1. Understanding Digital Compression lossless (no loss)
        1. statistical compressors
        2. dictionary-based compressors or compressors
        3. substitutional or two-phase hybrid
      2. Understanding lossy (with loss)
        2. differential encoding based compression
        3. transformed vector quantization
        4. fractal compression techniques
        5. moving image compression (interframe)
    7. digital transmission speeds
    8. Elements of a digital communication system

  1. Introduction

    Computer The term comes from the French Informatique , coined by the engineer Philippe Dreyfus in 1962, short the words information and automatique. The computer is the body of scientific knowledge and techniques that enable automatic processing of information by devices electronic and computer systems.
    Thus, although the computer has its origin in the primitive first attempts to achieve a machine that can automatically perform arithmetic operations, although in relative terms is a young (emerging in the 60's of last century), its reality today is very different, now being essential tool in all fields of science, in any commercial activity, and is characteristic of modern society in industrialized countries, which has coined the concept of information society, which has allowed a greater degree of global intercommunication between all points on the planet.

  2. What do we mean by information?

    1. Information Definition We call all knowledge information understandable and graspable to human beings, capable of being expressed in appropriate language and be transferred to other human beings, to be shared and used.

    2. Information along

      1. History The Middle Ages storage, access and limited use of the information was made in the libraries of monasteries.
      2. In the modern age , with the birth of the printing press (Gutenberg), the books begin to be manufactured in series and come the first newspapers.
      3. In century, bursts of radio, television and the Internet
      4. Today, and in the XXI century , speaking of the information society, which led to the broader social and technology in the history of mankind, and is based on the globalization of access to huge volumes of information available in increasingly complex ways, with storage capacities upward and increasingly supports reduced.
    3. Types of Information

      1. Magnitudes are numerical (quantitative) expressed in a given unit of measurement. Texts

      2. are groups of special symbols that are directly interpretable in the human way of expressing themselves in writing. Each symbol is individually distinguishable and legible, and is composed of basic symbols of verbal communication formants called characters (letters and numbers, also called alphanumeric characters). Is called alphabet the basic set of different symbols that make up all the words of the text formants. Images

      3. is the kind of information that emulates the human capacity for vision. Directly perceived as representing the real world and its value will be greater the more information it is its size , and precision with which the image represents the real object. This is expressed with the concepts of reliability or similarity between the image and the object represented, and resolution or precision used for rendering.
      4. Signs

        are the kind of information linked to the variation of physical characteristics, perceived to be continuously over time, such as a more or less continuous succession of sounds and / or images . Frequency values \u200b\u200bas arrival of signals the same quality, precision of these are criteria to consider the information value of signals.

    4. Digital Information

      As mentioned, the two key concepts of information are to be
      1. expressed the most appropriate way for it to be maintained and systematically increased
      2. and can be communicated effectively to wherever needed, and the precise time of
      To achieve these two objectives, we have invented and developed on new tools for processing and transmission of information.
      These tools are based on digital information , which uses only two symbols, 0 and 1, for any type of data. Any information
      is susceptible be converted to digital for processing and transmission , and be retrieved later with its original features.

  3. Digital Information Representation

    The phenomenon that converts any type of digital information is called encoding and decoding reverse. To be clear about the concepts of encoding and decoding of information, one must know first how the binary numbering system. Therefore briefly enter the study numbering system.

    1. System

      numbering systems to express graphically the numbers. positional systems are where the value depends on the position (eg decimal) and other non-positional (Roman system) where the value is independent of the position. Changes

        1. numbering systems based
        1. Paso ba
          decimal integer numbers to p, q decimal places and where b is the base:
          N (b p = n-1 · b p- 1 + n p-2 · b p-2 + ... + n 1 1 · b + n 0 0 · b + n 1 -1 · b + n 2 -2 · b + ... Q + n · b -q = N (10

          Example: 1234 (5 = 194 (10 (p = 4, q = 0, b = 5)
          N (5 = n • 5 4-1 4-1 4-2 + n • 5 4-2 + ... + n 1 • 5 + n 1 0 · b 0 + n 1 -1 • 5 + n 2 ·5 -2 + ... + n 0 ·5 -0 = N (10

          N (5 = n 3 ·5 3 + n 2 ·5 2 + n 1 ·5 1
          + n 0 ·5 0 + n 1 ·5 -1 + n 2 ·5 -2
          + ... + n 0 ·5 -0 = N (10

          N (5 = 1·5 3 + 2·5 2 + 3·5 1 + 4·5 0 = N (10
          N (5 = 1,125 + 2.25 + 3.5 + 4.1 = N (10
          N (5 = 125 + 50 + 15 + 4 = N (10
          1234 (5 = 194 (10
        2. Passage of a decimal to any base
          decimal number is divided by the base until you get a ratio less than the base, then gathered the last quotient and the rest obtained in reverse order.

          Example: 1234 (10 = 14414 (5
          1234 / 5 = 246 246 / 5 = 49 Name

          groups of bits, depending on length


          4 bits nibble
        3. 8-bit byte / octet
        16-bit half word 32 bits

      2. word 64 bits double word
          1. BYTE multiples
            2. 1024 bytes
          2. 1 Kilobyte 1024 KB
          3. 2 bytes
          4. MegaByte MB (1024 KB)
            5. 1024 bytes
          5. 3 Gigabyte GB (1024 MB)
          2. 1024
        2. 4 bytes
          TB terabyte (1024 GB) 1024
          1. 5 bytes petabyte PB (1024 TB)
          2. Operations binary arithmetic operations
            4. Sum
          4. 0 = 0 0 + 0 + 1 + 1 = 1 0 = 1 1 + 1 = 0 (and hauling 1)
          5. Rest 0 to 0 = 0 0-1 = 1 (and carry 1)
            6. 1-0 = 1
          1-1 = 0
        3. Multiplication
            0 · 0 = 0
          1. 0 · 1 = 0
            1 × 0 = 0
            1 × 1 = 1



            1. Logical operations AND
            2. 0 and 0 = 0 0 and 1 = 0
              1 and 0 = 0
              1 and 1 = 1 OR

            3. 0 or 0 = 0 0 or 1 = 1
              1 or 0 = 1
              1 or 1 = 1 XOR

            2. 0 xor 0 = 0
          2. 0 xor 1 = 1
            1 xor 0 = 1 1 xor 1
            = 0




            2. system octal octal system uses 8 symbols {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}, the advantage of this system is the ability to stay octal number to binary and vice versa.
              000 (2
              = 0
              (8
            3. 001 (2 = 1 (8


              010 (2
              = 2
              4. (8
          011 (2
          4. = 3
        (8

      3. 100 (2

        = 4
        (8
        101 (2 = 5 (8
        110 (2 = 6 (8
        111 (2 = 7 (8
        Example: 1234 (8 = 1 2 3 4 = 001 010
        001 010 011 100 011 100 = (2
        hexadecimal system hexadecimal system uses 16 symbols {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A, B, C, D, E, F} and offers the same advantage as the octal system. 0000 (2 = 0
        (16 0001 (2 = 1
        (16 0010 (2 = 2
        (16
        0011 (2 = 3 (16

      4. 0100 (2

        = 4
        (16
        0101 (2 = 5 (16
        0110 (2 = 6 (16
        0111 (2 = 7 (16
        1000 (2 = 8 (16
        1001 (2 = 9 (16
        1010 (2 = A (16
        1011 (2 = B (16
        1100 (2 = C (16
        1101 (2 = D (16
        1110 (2 = E (16
        1111 (2 = F (16
        Example: 1234 (8 = 1 2 3 4 = 0001 0010 0011 0100 = 0001001000110100
        (2
        conversion to digital information
        Quantification information is generally known as continuous analog in nature, occurring in a continuous range of values. The first step in converting to digital format, is to assume a fixed value for all analog values \u200b\u200bfall within a certain range, and this value is usually the central value of the interval considered. Other varieties of this process can be established by choosing intervals of different length, smaller in those ranges of values \u200b\u200bwhere more precision is needed.
        The error margin of error as the difference between the actual value, and the central value assumed for representation is limited by half the width of the interval. It is therefore predictable and controllable. The level of these errors can be reduced properly, and in any case below the threshold of human perception. The information is the subject of human knowledge, and is perceived by sense organs, which are analog devices based on physical and chemical reactions. Its precision is not infinite, which makes small differences are not distinguishable between analog before and after digital processing. Coding

        Once continuous range reduced to a set of discrete values, the following process is to encode these values \u200b\u200bnumerically, obtaining the set of digital numerical values \u200b\u200bin the appropriate binary code.
        5. Extracting information from the digital binary values \u200b\u200bobtained
      contain all the information contained in analog form, so you can return to retrieve it, if precautions have been observed in the processes explained above . Binary data

      1. Magnitudes Whole


      2. quantified in natural binary, more coding of the sign.


        3. Decimal Encoding
      3. separate the numbers on both sides of the coma, and position. Royal

      Encoding called floating expression, with a decimal base, and an integer exponent.

    4. Symbols and Texts The texts are the written expression of human language, and are represented separately encoding each of the symbols (characters) its component, which may be letters of an alphabet, numerals, figures not correspond to their numeric value, punctuation, special characters and control characters, and alignment.

      The coding is done using the codes

        ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) and

      1. EBCDIC (Extended Binary Code Decimal Interchange Code), especially the former. Any

        binary digital information can be grouped into blocks, and interpreted directly as a set of characters, in this case is said to be treated as text files.
        1. Images
          data are encoded as the size of the image, the position of each element of the image in two dimensions, usually called a pixel, and values \u200b\u200bthat define its color. There are many who keep such information formats (JPG, GIF, PNG, DWG, TIFF, ecétera), some of them allow compression of the information base to lose some image quality. Compression algorithms take into account certain parameters of human vision for this loss of informacón not visible to the naked eye.
        2. Audio formats There are many who keep such information (CDA, WMA, AAC, MP3, OGG, ecétera), some of them allow compression of the information base to lose some sound quality. Compression algorithms take into account certain parameters of the human ear so that this loss can not be seen informacón. Video
        3. moving images are considered, corresponding to a succession of images at a rate sufficient to create the perception of motion. Are encoded in the same way, that is, as successive encoded images. Sueleñadir are sound, which is achieved by including audio information interspersed within the format the video. The most popular video formats are VCD, SVCD, AVI, DVD. The compression of information is implied.

      2. redundancy binary encodings


        Calculation of redundancy R R = 1 - (I n
        / I
      3. t), where:

      4. I

        n = amount of information code used by
      5. I

        t = total amount of information
      5. For example, the code uses 4-bit BCD is 10 different symbols:

    5. R = 1 - (10 / 2

        4) = 1 - (10/16) = 1-0625 = 0375 = 37.5% redundancy.

      1. A little redundant is the code that takes full advantage of all the possibilities to represent information.

        Troubleshooting Sometimes it is interesting that a redundant code to facilitate the detection of errors and even repair. The

        parity bit (even or odd) is an example of redundancy for error detection. The drawback is that it is unable to detect a change in more than one bit. There are other types of methods able to correct these failures, one of these faults is to add a vertical parity bit for each group of bytes, each of which carries its own parity bit. If the error was that it can detect multiple but not correct.
          more effective methods exist such as Hamming codes
        • that can detect multiple errors and correct simple errors in proportion using fewer bits of parity. These codes consist of adding multiple parity bits placed in positions that are a power of 2, so that each protect a number of bits of data. These codes are increasingly used in the reports. If the aim is to detect errors in serial communications, special codes are produced as errors often affect several consecutive bits. These codes are called polynomial
        • or cyclic redundancy (CRC) consists of adding a residue to each block (module) for a particular value represented by a polynomial.
        Huffman codes have the special
        of using variable length codes, so that the number of bits used to encode a character will depend on the frequency of use. Another
        correcting code, the
        2 out of 3 , involves sending information in triplicate so that if two of the three bytes sent are the same we discard the third.


      2. Information Communication
        General characteristics Communication Communication is the exchange of information between two or more entities. The issuer
        is the entity that sends the information through a communication channel and receiver is the entity the recipient.

        transmission systems According to the transmission system:
      By line: twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic cable.
    For radio: ground waves and satellite waves. According

  4. directionality of the transmission:
    1. Simplex communication takes place in only one direction.

      Semi-duplex: two-way communication exists but not simultaneously. Full-duplex: two-way communication is so simultaneously. According to the form of synchronization: Asynchronous
    2. : the issuance and receipt of the information is not made in unison.

      Synchronous: the transmission and reception of information are made Practically at once.
        1. Depending on the nature of the signal: Analog
        2. : continuous signal taking values \u200b\u200bin time. Digital
        : signal takes a finite number of values \u200b\u200b(if it only takes 2 are called binary digital signal.)
        3. transmission problems The problems associated with transmission are related to the nature of the physical means of transport, which does not have a digital response, but is intensive and extensive physical properties (inertia, resistance to change elasticity, wear interaction with signals that cross?) whose overall effect is the degradation of the transmitted signal, which reaches altered to the point of reception.
          4. The problems associated with signal transmission can be stated as:
        3. Distortion
        1. consists in changes in the shape of the signal caused the features of the environment.
          3. attenuation or power loss
        includes the loss of signal level, due to wear.
        1. Alteration Caused by timing delays and transmission times differ for different types of signals. Noise
        are unwanted signals that accompany the signal sent and displayed at the reception because it passes through the middle, and that can sometimes hide, and in any case difficult to detect.

    3. analog line coding

      While we are talking about digital type information, the transmission media used have a feature, and an analog behavior, determined by the physical transport of signals that contain information, therefore, the signals transmitted by the media are analog, while carrying sequences of digital symbols.
      is necessary then, a new adaptation to the analog line is called encoding, which is generate, for each binary symbol, a sign that suits the characteristics of the environment and to preserve the digital character that will be transmitted alternately on the line. Analog
      This adaptation also allows avoiding the major causes of loss of quality that affect the analog signals, especially the distortion or change in shape of the signal.

      1. digital encryption

        Since the transmission uses a common means of physical, information contained in the signals can be accessed by others, to be read, or to be altered, both situations are highly dangerous.
        2. The characteristics of digital information allows coding-decoding process completely digital, which makes information unintelligible to any access to it for systems that do not know the encoding type or its parameters.

      3. With digital compression to reduce the size of data to transmit, and increase the transmission speed asni, there are compression algorithms information. Understanding

        4. lossless (no loss)

      4. statistical compressors Compressors of a kind

    4. Huffman or Shannon-Fano coding


      length inversely proportional to the probability of occurrence of the message.

    5. arithmetic compressor compressors also based on the probability of a message, but in this case is used to represent floating point numbers. Compressors

      predictive

    6. pretend to predict the next message to be transmitted from the knowledge we have of the messages sent so far.

      1. dictionary-based compressors or substitutional
          1. RLE compression compressor less efficient but more simple. It is based on the replacement of a character repeated characters plus the number of repetitions. Compressors
            Lempel-Ziv (LZ)
          2. LZ78
            3. This technique is the dynamic development of a dictionary where they will be storing the chains appeared so far and that he will assigning identifiers, so that if there is a string that is already eldiccionario be sent your login. One of the problems of this method is to define the infinite growth of the dictionary. LZ77

            4. This method keeps track of characters sent, but do not build a dictionary itself, but maintain a "history (or window)" input and a buffer to overtake. " This compression method is used in most current compressors, for example, make use of it PK-ZIP, RAR, ARJ, etc..
          1. compressors or two-phase hybrid current compressors used both methods (statistical and substitutional) to compress more optimally.
          2. Understanding lossy (with loss) is mostly used for encoding media files, where it is not so important that the information received is accurate and it is very important to comprehension. Differential Coding
            1. The sequence of values \u200b\u200bare represented as the difference from previous value.
            2. processed based compression is based on the sampled image representation in terms of frequency content of the image.
              3. vector quantization
            Division of the image into rectangles of fixed size and is based on the use of a codebook
          previously establishing, in the wake of the statistics of a group of test images that are similar in the image content to be compressed.
        3. Fractal Compression
          Similar to the technique, but instead of selecting the most similar block book, you can apply a geometric transform to blocks of the codebook to match better with the block of pixels being evaluated.
        2. compression techniques motion pictures (interframe)
      2. The understanding is based on the elimination of redundancy that is caused by the minimal differences between successive images.

          2. Baud
        2. digital digital transmission is characterized by a parameter, which is the bit rate, expressed in baud (symbols per second), or as homogeneous bits / Kbits / Mbits per second.
          3. Elements of a digital communication system
        3. +---------------- +-------------------+ --- + COMPRESSION CODING oriented coding that the receiver can detect and correct errors. To send the data, these are transformed into an analog signal that can be sent through the communication channel. The reception
          process is carried out investments. It decodes the analog signal is detected and corrected faults. If appropriate data is decompressed and decrypted. And finally decodes the information so that it can be understood by the receiver.
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