Sunday, March 30, 2008

Outlet Marité Et Girbaud

Theme 08 - Components 'hardware'. Motherboard. Controller cards.

  1. Index Introduction
    1. Motherboard microprocessor sockets
      2. PGA ZIF (Zero Insertion Force, Zero Insertion Force)
      4. Slot-1 Slot-A
        6. currently
      1. The Northbridge Chipset (north bridge "in English)
      2. The Southbridge (" south bridge "in English)
    3. The frequency of the Front Side Bus (FSB) and the factor
      4. multiplier
      5. BIOS and CMOS battery
    6. System Memory Slots
      1. SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module, Simple linear memory module)
      2. RIMM (Rambus Inline Memory Module, Linear Rambus Memory Module)
      3. DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module, Double linear memory module)
      1. Expansion slots Slots ISA (Industry Standard Architecture, Industrial Standard Architecture slots
      2. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect Peripheral Component Interconnect)
      3. Slots AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port Accelerated Graphics Port)
      4. PCI-Express slots
      8. Communications Ports
        1. Serial Ports RS-232 (COM)
        3. Keyboard & Mouse USB (Universal Serial Bus , Universal Serial Bus)
        4. IEEE 1394 (aka FireWire by Apple Inc. and as i.Link by Sony)
        5. Serial ATA or S-ATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)
        1. Parallel Ports IEEE 1284 ( LPT)
        2. Parallel ATA or P-ATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment Pararell)
        3. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
      9. manufacturing
      1. Factor Baby AT ATX
      3. MicroATX
      11. electrical connector Elements
    11. integrated device controllers
      3. Network Card Sound Card Video Cards
  3. controller cards Device and I / S
      HDD Controllers
      1. Parallel ATA or P-ATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment Pararell)
      2. Serial ATA or S-ATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)
      3. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface )
      2. controller cards
    2. Other E / S
        1. video card features
          1. History MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter)
          2. CGA (Color Graphics Adapter)
          3. HGC (Hercules Graphic Card)
          4. VGA (Video Graphics Array)
          5. SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array) components
          1. GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)
          2. Video Memory RAMDAC
          4. Food cooling devices
          4. Connectors
          2. SVGA DVI (Digital Visual Interface)
          4. S-Video Composite Video Component Video
          6. HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)
        1. Other Cards Sound Cards Ethernet Cards
        4. Wifi Card Tuner Card Modem Cards

  1. Introduction

    The computer hardware is the set of physical components that comprise it.
    Externally, a computer is a box with a power supply, with certain connectors on both the back and up front, and generally, a CD / DVD-ROM in the front.
    Connected to this box are a series of devices that accompany it, such as keyboard, mouse, monitor, speakers, printer, scanner, ecétera.
    If we open that box, we note that the computer is composed of a plate is almost the size of the box, and which are connected a number of other devices such as microprocessor, memory, hard disk, other cards, ecétera.
    This board is called the motherboard or motherboard and is the backbone physical and logical of the entire system. Motherboard

  2. We consider the motherboard (also called motherboard) the cornerstone of the computer, as it (in one way or another) are connected all peripherals and computer components.
    Physically, it is a plastic wafer, about which there is an electronic circuit that connects different elements that are anchored on it. The main ones are:
    • The microprocessor, played in an element called socket.
    • memory, usually in the form of modules. Several chips
    • control: the Bios, chipset.
    • The expansion slots, which are connected to the controller cards.
    • Different connectors for keyboard, mouse, floppy drive, hard disk, etc..

    1. microprocessor sockets

      is where the microprocessor is installed on your computer. Sometimes there socket at all, but the microprocessor is soldered to the board, in which case it is sometimes even difficult to recognize. Is the case with many 8086, 286 and 386.

      1. PGA (Pin Grid Array, Collection Pines as regilla)

        Classic model used in the 386 and 486. It consists of a square-shaped connector hole where the legs of the chip inserted under pressure (more or less depending on the micro legs).

      2. ZIF (Zero Insertion Force, Zero Insertion Force) is electrically

        as a PGA, but thanks to a mechanical system, the microchip is inserted without effort, thus avoiding problems of broken legs.
        appeared in the age of 486 and its various versions (sockets 3, 5 and 7 in particular) have been used until it appeared the Pentium II. Slot 1

      3. is a proprietary socket for Intel Pentium II, Celeron and Pentium III early versions, which prevents use of other chip manufacturers (AMD and Cyrix mainly). There seems to previous sockets: instead of a rectangle with holes for the legs of the chip, is a slot, a kind of elongated connector such as ISA or PCI. thus avoiding problems of broken legs. Slot A

      4. is AMD's response to Slot 1. Physically both "slots" are identical, but logically and electrically are totally incompatible for reasons stated earlier. Used only by early AMD K7 Athlon.
      5. Currently

        For cost reasons, the current trend in microprocessors is to use the new format new Socket (ZIF) in its many variants and number of pins.

    2. Chipset

      English Translated literally means assembly of integrated circuits. Is the set of chips that are responsible for controlling certain computer functions, such as how it interacts with the microprocessor memory or cache, or control of PCI, AGP, USB, ecétera.
      In the PC and other systems, the chipset is made up of 2 additional circuits to the processor Home:

      1. The Northbridge ("North Bridge" in English)

        is used as a bridge between the microprocessor and memory. Controls the functions of access to and between the microprocessor, RAM, AGP graphics port, and communications with the Southbridge.

      2. The Southbridge ("south bridge" in English)

        Also known as Hub Controllers Input / Output, in English I / O Controller Hub (ICH) is an integrated circuit that is responsible for coordinating the various input devices and output and some other features of low speed in the motherboard.
        are not connected to the CPU and communicates with it indirectly through the Northbridge.

      Formerly these functions were relatively easy to perform, and the chipset only affected the performance of your computer. But the complex new buses, along with a wide range of memories and peripherals technologies, have made the importance of chipset grow enormously.
      The quality and features of the chipset will depend on:
      1. get maximum performance or microprocessor
      2. potential upgrade of computer
      3. the use of certain advanced technologies of memory and peripherals
      There is a wide range of chipsets for each type of microprocessor and bus, but both manufacturers known for their expansion in the market are Intel (which makes chipsets for motherboards designed processors of the same name) and VIA (chipset manufacture AMD processors)

    3. The frequency of Fontal Side Bus (FSB) and multiplier

      Front Side Bus or its acronym FSB (translated "front side bus) is the term used to refer to the bidirectional data bus available to the CPU to communicate with the northbridge.
      The FSB frequency performance sets the pace for all elements of the PC. This frequency is generally lower than that of current microprocessors, thus, to achieve the frequency of this latter one, the motherboard uses a multiplier. Both the frequency
      FBS as the multiplication factor are values \u200b\u200bconfiguravles by the user. Aunuqe and are factory set there who takes advantage by forcing its values \u200b\u200b(Overclocking)

    4. CMOS BIOS and BIOS (Basic Input-Output System) is the basic input / output, consists of a program embedded on a chip base plate which is responsible to perform the basic functions of management and computer configuration. Physically is a rectangular chip.
      addition, the BIOS retains certain parameters such as hard disk type, date and time of the system, etc, which keeps a CMOS memory, very low and is maintained by a battery when the computer is disconnected.
      The BIOS can be updated by removing and replacing the chip (very sensitive method) or by software, if you are of the flash-BIOS. Pila

    5. The battery system of the computer, or more correctly, the tank is responsible for preserve BIOS settings when the computer is off. Without it, every time we light would have to introduce the features hard drive, chipset, date and time, ecétera.
      is an accumulator, it is recharged when the computer is on, but over the years lost this ability and at a certain time (between 2 and 6 years) to be replaced.

    6. memory slots are the connectors on the computer's main memory. In the past, memory chips are placed one by one over the plate. To facilitate placement were grouped several memory chips soldered a plate with connectors or pins on the edge, in what is known as a module. These modules have varied in size, capability and how to connect.
      types of memory modules:

      1. SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module, Simple linear memory module)

        began to be used from the 386. Have progressed from 30 to 72 contacts. Deprecated.

      2. RIMM (Rambus Inline Memory Module, Linear Rambus Memory Module)

        use, in a technology called RDRAM, developed by Rambus Inc. in mid 1990 to introduce a module memory performance levels well above the SDRAM memory modules of 100 MHz and 133 MHz available in those years.
        RDRAM RIMM modules have 184 pins and due to their high operating frequencies require heat diffuser consisting of a metal plate that covers the chip module.
        Despite its RDRAM technology performance levels much higher than SDRAM technology and the first generation of DDR RAM, due to the high cost of this technology have not been widely accepted in the PC market

      3. DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module, memory module Linear Double)

        DIMMs are recognizable externally by having your contacts (or pins) on both sides separated.
        They come in:
        1. 168-pin for SDR SDRAM.
        2. 184 pin for DDR SDRAM.
        3. 240 contacts for DDR2 SDRAM.

    7. Expansion slots are slots plastic electrical connectors (slots) where you enter the cards. Depending on the technology that they are based have a different external appearance, with different size and color.

      1. Slots ISA (Industry Standard Architecture, Industrial Standard Architecture

        The oldest, the first PC? S. They operate at 8 MHz, sufficient to connect a modem or sound card, but very little for a video card.
        2. disused

      2. Slots PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect Peripheral Component Interconnect)

        The current standard. They offer up to 33 Mhz, reaching a maximum transfer rate 266 MB / s on the bus of 64 bits, enough for nearly all except some 3D video cards.

      3. Slots AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port Accelerated Graphics Port)

        used exclusively to connect a 3D video card. Faster than the previous ones, can reach a speed of 533 MHz with a transfer rate of 2 GB / s.

      4. PCI-Express slots

        Ees an evolution of PCI, which is able to increase the bandwidth by increasing the frequency. Mostly used to connect graphics cards.

    8. Communications Ports Ports are, so to speak, the computer link with the outside world. Speaking more technically, You can say that they are the intermediaries who are responsible for facilitating the exchange of information between your computer and peripherals. Currently the ports are integrated into the motherboard, but in some cases pre-Pentium motherboards, this was not the case, and the ports came on cards that were connected to the expansion slots.
      On the way to send / receive data, can be classified into 2: Serial Ports

      1. The information is transmitted bit by bit by sending a single bit at a time.
        Among the most important are:
        1. RS-232 (COM) Plug
          blue-green D-shaped 25-pin, however most of these pins is used, so IBM introduced a smaller connector only 9-pin which is currently used. Deprecated.
        2. Keyboard & Mouse 6-pin sockets, round purple for keyboard and mouse green
        3. USB (Universal Serial Bus, Universal Serial Bus)
          rectangular in shape, is the port used now coming to have a transfer rate of 60MB / s (version 2.0) Possibility Plug-and-Play or desconectr allowing you to connect devices to the system without rebooting. In addition, when connecting a new device, the server lists and adds the necessary software to operate.
        4. IEEE 1394 (aka FireWire by Apple Inc. and as i.Link by Sony)
          Standard platform for input / output serial data at high speed. It is typically used for interconnecting digital devices like digital cameras and camcorders to computers.
        5. Serial ATA or S-ATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) interface is
          transfer data between the motherboard and some storage devices, such as hard disk, or other high performance devices are still being developed. Serial ATA replaces the traditional Parallel ATA or P-ATA (standard is also known as IDE or ATA). The S-ATA provides faster speeds, better use when multiple disks, longer length of cable for data transmission and the ability to hot-plug disks (with the computer on.)

      2. Parallel Ports

        data bits travel together to send a full byte or more at a time. That is, it implements a physical cable or satellite for each bit of storage into a bus. Among the most important are:
        1. IEEE 1284 (LPT)
          magenta socket in the form of D with 25 pins in 2 rows, which is generally used for connecting older printers. Deprecated.
        2. Parallel ATA or P-ATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment Pararell)
          is a data transfer interface between the motherboard and some storage devices, such as hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD, ecetera. Not currently used by the implementation S-ATA.
        3. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
          is a standard interface for transferring data between different devices on the bus of the computer. In the past, was very popular among all classes of computers. It has remained popular in workplaces, high-performance servers and high end peripherals.

    9. Factor manufacturing motherboards exist in different forms and with various connectors for peripherals. To lower costs by enabling the interchangeability between motherboards, manufacturers Various standards have been defined that group recommendations on the size and arrangement of elements on them.
      However, the fact that a plate belonging to one category or another, has nothing to do, in theory, their performance and quality.

      1. Baby-AT

        The absolute standard for years. It is a 220x330 mm plate, with a certain position for the keyboard connector, expansion slots and holes for anchoring to the box and an electrical connector divided into two parts.
        are typical for cloned computers from the 286 to the first Pentium. With the increase of peripheral problems are accentuated:
        1. Poor air circulation. Huge
        2. tangle of cables that prevent access to the board.

      2. ATX are the most used today. They have better ventilation and less tangle of cables, due to the arrangement of the connectors on the motherboard. Tends to have more connectors, including any kind of USB.

      3. MicroATX compatible with the latter but smaller.

    10. electrical connector is where you connect the cables to the motherboard receives power. In Baby-AT boards are two, and the ATX one.
      One of the advantages of the ATX power supplies is that they allow off by software, ie, pressing "Shut Down" the computer turns itself off.

    11. integrated elements in modern motherboards is very common for certain components are included in the motherboard, rather than take the form of expansion cards. Is cheaper and more comfortable (cables and cards are removed), and although the components are not high-end usually sufficient for the average user.
      The most common are:

      1. device controllers generally all motherboards come with a chip that is responsible for managing hard disks, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, the diqueteras and communications ports.

      2. Network Card

        Given the expansion of networks, intranet and / or the Internet, almost all motherboards today come with a network card to connect different devices connected to each other and also to share resources among two or more computers. There are different types of adapters depending on the type of cabling or architecture that is used in the network, but currently the most common type is an interface or Ethernet using RJ-45 connector or the adapter WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) wireless networking.

      3. Sound card

        increasingly present in the base plates, are usually sufficient, even for the music lovers who are not professional.

      4. Integrated video cards to a lesser extent, are not very powerful and they share part of the computer's main memory, but Sulen be enough for office work, however not are suitable for photo editing, video, CAD / CAM, or the latest 3D games.

  3. device controller cards and I / S

    1. HDD Controllers

      An indispensable part of a computer are the hard drive controller cards and disk drives (the latter now obsolete)
      work most important thing to make the hard disk controller is to make the communication connection between the hard drive and the data bus. For this is not enough to translate the data into a form understandable but you have to control the time sequence transmission and reception.
      The hard drive is currently connected to the motherboard through:

      1. Parallel ATA or P-ATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment Pararell)

        is a data transfer interface between the motherboard and some storage devices, such as can be the hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD, ecetera. Not currently used by the implementation of S-ATA.
      2. Serial ATA or S-ATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)
        is a data transfer interface between the motherboard and some storage devices, such as be the hard disk, or other high performance devices are still being developed. Serial ATA replaces the traditional Parallel ATA or P-ATA (standard is also known as IDE or ATA). The S-ATA provides faster speeds, better use when multiple disks, longer length of cable for data transmission and the ability to hot-plug disks (with the computer on.)
      3. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
        is a standard interface for transferring data between different devices on the bus of the computer. In the past, was very popular among all classes of computers. It has remained popular in workplaces, high-performance servers and high end peripherals.

    2. Driver E / S

      1. video card which is transmitted to monitor graphic information to be presented on the screen. Features
          1. Interpret the data it receives from the processor, computers and calculators for presentation on the screen in the form of a rather large rectangle composed of individual dots of different colors (pixels). Take exit
          2. digital data resulting from this process and transforms (if necessary) into an analog signal that can understand the monitor.
        2. History
          1. MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter) Introduced in 1981. Monochrome video cards of the first computers. Working in text mode and was able to represent 25 lines of 80 characters on screen. Had a video memory of 4KB, so could only work with a page of memory. Was used with monochrome monitors, hue usually green.
          2. CGA (Color Graphics Adapter) also Introduced in 1981, was the first color graphics card launched by IBM. It was little used at first, because most buyers purchased a PC for professional use. Gaming PCs were other much more popular, and at that time were not considered to have color graphics other than the purely recreational use.
          3. HGC (Hercules Graphic Card) 1982 was marketed, and graphics on monochrome allowed a much higher resolution than the CGA, besides being compatible with the MDA, which further hurt sales of the CGA.
          4. EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter) IBM Introduced in 1984 by reaching a resolution of 640x350 points and 16 colors.
          5. VGA (Video Graphics Array) The first marketed in 1988 by IBM. Estandadar has been since. Even today it is the minimum that all graphics hardware supports before loading a specific device. Offers a resolution of 640x480 pixels and 256 colors.
          6. SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array) was defined in 1989 and first version was set for a resolution of 800x600 pixels and 16 colors. He was then expanded rapidly to 1024x768 pixels and 256 colors, and other more in subsequent years.
            Although the number of colors defined in the original specification, this soon became irrelevant, as the interface between the video card and VGA or SVGA monitor voltages using simple to indicate the desired color depth. Consequently, as the monitor is concerned, there is no theoretical limit to the number of distinct colors that can be displayed. To increase the number of colors that a system SVGA display can produce, not require any change in the monitor, you only need to redesign the graphics card. Because of this, major graphics chip vendors were producing parts for high density video cards color a few months after the onset of SVGA.
            On paper, the original SVGA should be replaced by the XGA standard, but the industry soon abandoned the plan to give a unique name for each higher display standard, nearly all display systems made from the late 80's to the present are called SVGA.
          7. XGA (Extended Graphics Array) Created by IBM for IBM in 1990, aims to be an improved VGA, but it is not followed by other airlines, which begin to create SVGA video cards.
        3. Components
          1. GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) is a processor (such as CPU) dedicated to graphics processing. Its purpose is to lighten the workload of the CPU and, therefore, is optimized for floating point calculations, predominantly in the 3D functions. The main GPU manufacturers that exist today (2008) on the market are ATI and NVIDIA
          2. Video Memory According to the graphics card is integrated into the motherboard (low performance) or not, use the computer's own RAM memory or have your own. Resolution as more memory and more number of colors may be processed.
          3. converter is RAMDAC RAM digital to analog. Is responsible for transforming the digital signals produced on the computer into an analog signal that is interpreted by the monitor. Directly influences Monitor refresh rates (recommended work from 75 Hz, never less than 60)
          4. cooling devices Because workloads to which they are subjected, graphics cards get very hot. If not taken into account, the heat generated can crash, block or even damage the device. To avoid this, incorporate cooling devices (heat sinks and fans) to remove excess heat from the card. Food
          5. So far the power of graphics cards had not been a major problem, however, the current trend of the new cards is to consume ever more energy. Although power supplies are becoming more powerful, the bottleneck is in the PCIe port is only capable of making a power of 150 W. For this reason, graphics cards with higher consumption which can provide PCIe include a connector that allows a direct connection between the power supply and card.
        4. Connectors
          1. standard analog SVGA the 1990's. Designed for CRT devices.
          2. DVI (Digital Visual Interface) Substitute above, was designed for maximum viewing quality in digital displays such as LCDs or projectors.
          3. Included S-Video to support televisions, DVD players, video, and game consoles.
          4. Analog Composite Video via RCA low resolution.
          5. component video quality comparable to that of SVGA, has three pins (Y, Cb and Cr)
          6. HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) emerging digital technology in 2007 which aims to replace all others.

        2. Other Cards Sound Cards
        1. allows audio input and output, plus some procesamineto signal, such as compression, decompression, or introduction of effects. Ethernet Cards
        2. allow communication between different devices connected to each other and also to share resources between two or more teams (Hard disks, CD-ROM, printers, etc.).
        3. wireless cards
          Like the previous enable communication between different devices connected to each other and also to share resources between two or more computers (hard drives, CD-ROM , printers, etc.) but wirelessly.
        4. Tuner Cards let you capture terrestrial television signals or radio. Modem Cards
        5. allow modular / demodulator for telephone communication via different computers.
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